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  • Question 1 - A textbook of cardiac surgery explains that while doing a left pneumonectomy, a...

    Correct

    • A textbook of cardiac surgery explains that while doing a left pneumonectomy, a surgeon must be careful to avoid injury to a vital structure that leaves an impression on the mediastinal surface of the left lung. Which structure is it referring to?

      Your Answer: Aortic arch

      Explanation:

      Structures that leave an impression on the mediastinal surface of the left lung include: the oesophagus, subclavian artery, brachiocephalic vein, first rib, thymus, the heart, the diaphragm, descending aorta and arch of the aorta. The other structures form an impression on the mediastinal aspect of the right lung.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      106
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Where is the mental foramen located? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where is the mental foramen located?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: In the mandible

      Explanation:

      The mental foramen is found bilaterally on the anterior surface of the mandible adjacent to the second premolar tooth. The mental nerve and terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve and mental artery leave the mandibular canal through it.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which of the following structure contains the parasympathetic pre-ganglionic nucleus that innervates the...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following structure contains the parasympathetic pre-ganglionic nucleus that innervates the iris sphincter muscle and the ciliary muscle?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Edinger–Westphal nucleus

      Explanation:

      The Edinger–Westphal nucleus (accessory oculomotor nucleus) is the parasympathetic pre-ganglionic nucleus that innervates the iris sphincter muscle and the ciliary muscle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - During a car accident, the side mirror shattered and a broken piece of...

    Incorrect

    • During a car accident, the side mirror shattered and a broken piece of glass severed the posterolateral aspect of the driver's neck. A physical examination reveals that the driver is unable to elevate the tip of his shoulder on the side that was injured. Which nerve was injured?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Accessory

      Explanation:

      The tip of the shoulder is formed by the acromion of the scapula. This part is moved by the trapezius muscle which is innervated by the accessory nerve. Damage to this nerve therefore will prevent the patient from lifting the tip of the shoulder.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - In which of the following compartments of the femoral sheath is the femoral...

    Incorrect

    • In which of the following compartments of the femoral sheath is the femoral artery located?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Lateral compartment

      Explanation:

      The femoral sheath also known as the crural sheath is made up of three compartments; lateral, intermediate and the medial. The femoral artery is contained in the lateral compartment of the femoral sheath while the femoral vein is in the intermediate compartment.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - The sciatic nerve does NOT supply which of the following muscles? ...

    Incorrect

    • The sciatic nerve does NOT supply which of the following muscles?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Obturator externus

      Explanation:

      The sciatic nerve supplies both gemellae, quadratus femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, both heads of the biceps femoris, the hamstring half of abductor magnus and obturator internus. Obturator externus is supplied by the obturator nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - A 38 year old man is to undergo excision of the base of...

    Incorrect

    • A 38 year old man is to undergo excision of the base of the prostate for malignant growth, which of the following structures is directly related to the base of the prostate?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Urinary bladder

      Explanation:

      The prostate is situated in the pelvic cavity and is also located immediately below the internal urethral orifice at the commencement of the urethra. It is held in position by the puboprostatic ligaments, the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm and the anterior portions of the levatores ani. The base of the prostate is directed upward and is attached to the inferior surface of the urinary bladder while the apex is directed downward and is in contact with the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 8 - Where do the seminal vesicles lie? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where do the seminal vesicles lie?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Base of the bladder and rectum

      Explanation:

      The seminal vesicles are two lobulated membranous pouches situated between the fundus of the bladder and rectum and act as a reservoir for the semen and secrete a fluid that is added to the seminal fluid. Each sac is pyramidal in shape but they all vary in size not only in different individuals but also in the same individuals. The anterior surface is in contact with the fundus of the bladder, extending from near the termination of the ureter to the base of the prostate. Each vesicle consist of single tube, which gives off several irregular caecal diverticula. These separate coils and the diverticula are connected by fibrous tissue.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
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  • Question 9 - Which of the following nerves has its terminal branch at the supratrochlear nerve?...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following nerves has its terminal branch at the supratrochlear nerve?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Frontal

      Explanation:

      The supratrochlear nerve is a branch of the frontal nerve which comes from the ophthalmic division of cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve). It passes above the superior oblique nerve and its descending filaments join the infratrochlear branch of the nasociliary nerve. From the orbit, it exits between the supraorbital foramen and the pulley of the superior oblique. It then curves up to the forehead beneath the corrugator supercilli and frontalis muscle. It further divides into branches that supply sensory innervation to the bridge of the nose, medial part of the upper eyelid and medial forehead.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 10 - The prostatic plexus of nerves contains nerve fibres that innervate penile tissue allowing...

    Incorrect

    • The prostatic plexus of nerves contains nerve fibres that innervate penile tissue allowing for erection. From which of the following nerves do these fibres originate?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Pelvic splanchnics

      Explanation:

      Pelvic splanchnic nerves are examples of the parasympathetic nerves that innervate the smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera. They are also the nerves contributing fibres to the prostatic plexus which innervate penile erectile tissue.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - A nerve is injured during a surgical operation to repair an inguinal hernia....

    Incorrect

    • A nerve is injured during a surgical operation to repair an inguinal hernia. It passes through the superficial inguinal ring. Which nerve is it most likely to be?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Ilioinguinal

      Explanation:

      The ilioinguinal nerve doesn’t pass through the deep inguinal ring but enters the inguinal canal from the side and leaves by passing through the superficial ring thus it is at risk of injury during inguinal hernia repair.
      The femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve travels lateral to the superficial inguinal ring.
      The iliohypogastric nerve and the subcostal nerve travel superior to the inguinal canal and superficial inguinal ring.
      The obturator nerve is a branch of the lumbar plexus that innervates the muscles of the thigh.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Two boys were playing when one of them brought the forearm of the...

    Incorrect

    • Two boys were playing when one of them brought the forearm of the other behind his back. This resulted in a stretching of the lateral rotator of the arm. Which of the following muscles was most likely to have been involved?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Infraspinatus

      Explanation:

      There are two lateral rotators of the arm, the infraspinatus and the teres minor muscles. The infraspinatus muscle receives nerve supply from C5 and C6 via the suprascapular nerve, whilst the teres minor is supplied by C5 via the axillary nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - A mechanic sustained a deep laceration to his right cubital fossa which resulted...

    Incorrect

    • A mechanic sustained a deep laceration to his right cubital fossa which resulted in him unable to move the proximal radioulnar joint of his right arm. Which muscles was affected?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Pronator teres

      Explanation:

      The correct answer is the pronator teres muscle. This muscle arises from 2 heads of origin: the humerus and ulnar. Between the 2 heads is the site of entrance of median nerve to the forearm. This muscle acts on the proximal radio-ulnar joint to rotate the radius on the ulna, otherwise known as pronation. It also assists in forearm flexion if the radius is fixed.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
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  • Question 14 - A patient under went repair of a lingual artery aneurysm in the floor...

    Incorrect

    • A patient under went repair of a lingual artery aneurysm in the floor of the mouth. During surgical dissection from the inside of the mouth which muscle would you have to pass through to reach the main portion of the lingual artery?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Hyoglossus

      Explanation:

      The lingual artery first runs obliquely upward and medialward to the greater horns of the hyoid bone. It then curves downward and forward, forming a loop which is crossed by the hypoglossal nerve, and passing beneath the digastric muscle and stylohyoid muscle it runs horizontally forward, beneath the hyoglossus, and finally, ascending almost perpendicularly to the tongue, turns forward on its lower surface as far as the tip, to become the deep lingual artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - What is the innervation of the tensor tympani muscle? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the innervation of the tensor tympani muscle?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Trigeminal nerve

      Explanation:

      The tensor veli palatini is innervated by the medial pterygoid nerve, a branch of mandibular nerve, the third branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3) – the only muscle of the palate not innervated by the pharyngeal plexus, which is formed by the vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
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  • Question 16 - A 60-year old woman who has a left sided post-pneumonic effusion, was to...

    Incorrect

    • A 60-year old woman who has a left sided post-pneumonic effusion, was to have some pleural fluid aspirated for culture and sensitivity. If the medical intern in charge of the procedure decided to aspirate while the patient is sitting up on her bed, where in the pleural cavity would the fluid tend to accumulate?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Costodiaphragmatic recess

      Explanation:

      The lowest part of the pleural cavity is the costodiaphragmatic recess and it the space in which the pleural fluid will accumulate when the patient sits up.
      The cupola is part of the pleural cavity that extends into the root of the neck above the first rib.
      The costomediastinal recess is the junction at which the costal pleura becomes the mediastinal pleura.
      The middle mediastinum is the part of the mediastinum that is occupied by the heart.
      The hilar reflection is the point where the mediastinal pleura is reflected to continue on as the visceral pleura.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - A man in his sixties underwent surgery to remove a lump from his...

    Incorrect

    • A man in his sixties underwent surgery to remove a lump from his axilla. During removal, a nerve originating from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus was damaged. Which nerve is this referring to?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Lateral pectoral

      Explanation:

      The only branch of the lateral cord of brachial plexus in the options given, is the lateral pectoral nerve. It supplies the pectoralis major muscle and sends a branch to join the medial pectoral nerve forming a loop in front of the first part of the axillary artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - A patient gives a history of dull discomfort in her abdomen associated with...

    Incorrect

    • A patient gives a history of dull discomfort in her abdomen associated with pain that she points to be on her right shoulder and right scapula. The following organs are most likely to be source of her pain:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Liver, duodenum and gallbladder

      Explanation:

      Referred pain is felt at a point away from the source of the pain or the unpleasant sensation. It arises when a nerve is damaged or compressed at a point but the pain is felt at another site that is the territory of that nerve. Common abdominal causes of referred pain to the shoulder and the shoulder blade are the liver, duodenum and gall bladder.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
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  • Question 19 - What is formed when the ductus deferens unites with the duct of the...

    Incorrect

    • What is formed when the ductus deferens unites with the duct of the seminal vesicle?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Ejaculatory duct

      Explanation:

      The deferens is a cylindrical structure​ with dense walls and an extremely small lumen It is joined at an acute angle by the duct of the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct, which traverses the prostate behind it’s middle lobe and opens into the prostatic portion of the urethra, close to the orifice of the prostatic utricle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - An infant, 5 weeks and 6 days old born with a large sub-aortic...

    Incorrect

    • An infant, 5 weeks and 6 days old born with a large sub-aortic ventricular septal defect, is prepared for pulmonary artery banding through a left thoracotomy (the child is not fit for a surgical closure). The surgeon initially passes his index finger immediately behind two great arteries in the pericardial sac to mobilise the great arteries in order to pass the tape around the pulmonary artery. Into which space is the surgeon's finger inserted?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Transverse pericardial sinus

      Explanation:

      Cardiac notch: is an indentation on the left lung of the heart.
      Coronary sinus: a venous sinus on the surface of the heart (the posterior aspect) that receives blood from the smaller veins that drain the heart.
      Coronary sulcus: a groove on the heart between the atria and ventricles.
      Transverse pericardial sinus: located behind the aorta and pulmonary trunk and anterior to the superior vena cava.
      Oblique pericardial sinus: located behind the left atrium. Accessed from the inferior side (or the apex) of the heart upwards.
      Horizontal pericardial sinus: this is a made-up term.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Which muscle is responsible for directing the gaze downward when the eye is...

    Incorrect

    • Which muscle is responsible for directing the gaze downward when the eye is abducted?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Inferior rectus muscle

      Explanation:

      The inferior rectus muscle is a muscle in the orbit. As with most of the muscles of the orbit, it is innervated by the inferior division of oculomotor nerve (Cranial Nerve III). It depresses, adducts, and helps laterally rotate the eye.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - When a patient is standing erect, pleural fluid would tend to accumulate in...

    Incorrect

    • When a patient is standing erect, pleural fluid would tend to accumulate in which part of the pleural space?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Costodiaphragmatic recess

      Explanation:

      The costo-diaphragmatic recess is the lowest extent of the pleural cavity or sac. Any fluid in the pleura will by gravity accumulate here when a patient is standing erect.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Following nerve injury, paralysis of the quadriceps femoris muscle occurs. Which of the...

    Incorrect

    • Following nerve injury, paralysis of the quadriceps femoris muscle occurs. Which of the following movements will be affected?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Extension of the leg

      Explanation:

      The quadriceps muscle is a great extensor of the thigh. Therefore, following nerve injury or cutting nerve supply to the quadriceps will affect extension of the thigh

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - In a neurological exam on a robbery with violence victim, it was discovered...

    Incorrect

    • In a neurological exam on a robbery with violence victim, it was discovered that the victim had lost sense of touch to the skin over her cheek and chin (maxilla and mandible region). Where are the cell bodies of the nerve that is responsible for touch sensations of this region located?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Cranial nerve V ganglion

      Explanation:

      The skin over the cheek and the maxilla are innervated by the trigeminal nerve (CN V). The trigeminal nerve has three major branches and it is the largest cranial nerve. The three branches of the trigeminal nerve are; the ophthalmic nerve, the maxillary nerve and the mandibular nerve. The trigeminal nerves ganglion is a sensory nerve ganglion know as the trigeminal ganglion (also referred to as the Gasser’s ganglion or the semilunar ganglion). It is contained in the dura matter in a cavity known as the Meckel’s cave, which covers the trigeminal impression near the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
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  • Question 25 - A man had an injury to his right brachial plexus. After examination by...

    Incorrect

    • A man had an injury to his right brachial plexus. After examination by the doctor they found that the diaphragm and the scapula were unaffected however the patient could not abduct his arm. When helped with abducting his arm to 45 degrees he was able to continue the movement. This means that he was unable to initiate abduction. Where is the likely site of injury?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Suprascapular nerve

      Explanation:

      The loss of ability to initiate abduction means paralysis of the supraspinatus muscle. This muscle is supplied by the supraclavicular nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
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  • Question 26 - Which one of the following is a derivative of the midgut? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following is a derivative of the midgut?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Caecum

      Explanation:

      The primary intestinal loop is formed from the midgut which gives rise to the distal half of the duodenum, the jejunum, ascending colon, proximal two thirds of the transverse colon and the ileum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
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  • Question 27 - A specialist registrar was performing the bi-lateral surgical removal of the adrenal glands....

    Incorrect

    • A specialist registrar was performing the bi-lateral surgical removal of the adrenal glands. He first removed the left adrenal gland before moving on to the right one. However, the registrar noticed that the removal of the right adrenal gland would be a challenge because of an overlying structure. What was this structure that overlies the right suprarenal glad?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Inferior vena cava

      Explanation:

      The adrenal glands or the suprarenal glands are small glands that are found on top of each of the kidneys. They are retroperitoneal glands. The right adrenal gland is found on top of the right kidney and is closely associated with the inferior vena cava as it directly drains into this large vein. In the case where the right adrenal gland is to be surgically removed, the inferior vena cava might prove a problem to manoeuvre as it overlies the right suprarenal gland. The other blood vessels such as the aorta, right renal, superior mesenteric, splenic artery and the hepatic vein as well as the right crus are not closely associated with either of the suprarenal glands.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Regarding the posterior compartment of the leg, which is correct? ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the posterior compartment of the leg, which is correct?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: The muscles plantarflex the foot and are innervated by the tibial nerve

      Explanation:

      The muscles of the back of the leg are subdivided into two groups: superficial and deep. Superficial muscles include gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris. Deep muscles include tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus and popliteus. The superficial ( calf muscles) which are responsible for plantarflexion of the foot are supplied by the tibial nerve as follows: the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles are supplied by the first and second sacral nerves and the plantaris by the fourth and fifth lumbar and first sacral nerve (the tibial nerve).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Which of the following structures carry part of the right bundle branch of...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following structures carry part of the right bundle branch of the AV bundle?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Moderator band (septomarginal trabecula)

      Explanation:

      The moderator band extends from the base of the anterior papillary muscle to the ventricular septum. It is the structure which carries part of the right AV bundle. Its role it to prevent overdistention of the ventricle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Which of the following organs of the abdominal cavity is completely covered by...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following organs of the abdominal cavity is completely covered by the peritoneum?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Spleen

      Explanation:

      Of the organs listed, the spleen is the only organ that is completely intraperitoneal, that is entirely in the peritoneum. Other completely intraperitoneal organs include the stomach, liver, appendix and the small intestines. The kidney, Inferior vena cava, aorta and the suprarenal glands are all retroperitoneal organs. The pancreas and the duodenum are partially retroperitoneal, with the tail of the pancreas in the peritoneum found in the splenorenal ligament while only the first part of the duodenum is intraperitoneal. For the intraperitoneal organs remember SALTD SPRSS
      S = Stomach
      A = Appendix
      L = Liver
      T = Transverse colon
      D = Duodenum (only the 1st part)

      S = Small intestines
      P = Pancreas (only the tail)
      R = Rectum (only the upper 3rd)
      S = Sigmoid colon
      S = Spleen

      For retroperitoneal, just remember SADPUCKER:
      S = suprarenal glands
      A = Aorta and IVC
      D = Duodenum (all but the 1st part)
      P = Pancreas (all but the tail)
      U = Ureter and bladder
      C = Colon (ascending and descending)
      K = Kidneys
      E = Oesophagus
      R = Rectum (Lower two-thirds)

      For secondarily retroperitoneal remember ‘Pussy Cat Dolls“:
      P = Pancreas
      C = Colon (only ascending and descending)
      D = Duodenum (only parts 2-4)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Basic Sciences
      0
      Seconds

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