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Question 1
Correct
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What is the prevalence of suicidal thoughts throughout one's lifetime?
Your Answer: 9.20%
Explanation:In a survey conducted by Nock et al.1, which involved interviewing more than 80,000 individuals across 17 countries, it was discovered that 9.2% of people have experienced suicidal thoughts at some point in their lives. Additionally, the survey found that 2.7% of individuals have attempted suicide, while 3.1% have made plans to do so.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 2
Correct
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Based on the ÆSOP study, what is the most influential factor in determining a prolonged period of untreated psychosis (DUP)?
Your Answer: Insidious onset
Explanation:The variable with the strongest effect on DUP was not unemployment, but rather family involvement in help seeking. Additionally, an acute onset was associated with a shorter DUP compared to an insidious onset, and affective psychosis was associated with a shorter DUP than non-affective psychosis. However, unemployment was still found to be associated with a longer DUP. These findings were from the ÆSOP study, which included all patients with a first episode of psychosis who made contact with psychiatric services over a two year period and were living in defined catchment areas in London and Nottingham, UK.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 3
Correct
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Which of the following factors has not been found to offer protection against suicide?
Your Answer: Having siblings
Explanation:Marital status, having both parents alive and in a stable relationship, and having young offspring have all been found to be protective factors against suicide. However, while being a twin has been linked to a lower risk of suicide, having siblings does not appear to have the same effect.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 4
Incorrect
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What proportion of individuals who experience suicidal thoughts progress to making a plan and attempting suicide within the initial year of onset?
Your Answer: 10%
Correct Answer: 60%
Explanation:In a survey conducted by Nock et al.1, which involved interviewing more than 80,000 individuals across 17 countries regarding suicidal behaviors, it was discovered that 60% of individuals who transitioned from suicidal ideation to planning and attempting suicide did so within the first year of experiencing ideation.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 5
Correct
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A 45-year-old woman with a history of panic attacks presents to your clinic with symptoms of agoraphobia. She has been hesitant to seek psychological therapy. Additionally, she has a medical history of hypertension. What are some common features associated with agoraphobia?
Your Answer: Normal class distribution
Explanation:The incidence of agoraphobia follows a typical distribution pattern. Westphal’s description of agoraphobia links it to mitral valve prolapse, and it is more prevalent among women with a persistent nature. The preferred method of treatment for agoraphobia is psychological therapy.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 6
Correct
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What is the most prevalent type of mental illness among male inmates in the United Kingdom?
Your Answer: Personality disorder in remanded prisoners
Explanation:Mental health problems are prevalent among prisoners, with approximately 75% of them experiencing a mental disorder. Personality disorder is the most frequent type of mental disorder among prisoners, and those who are on remand have a higher likelihood of being diagnosed with a mental disorder compared to those who have been sentenced. The diagnosis rates for psychotic disorder, neurotic disorder, and drug dependence are 7 and 10, 40 and 59, and 43 and 51, respectively, for sentenced and remand prisoners.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 7
Incorrect
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What is the prevalence rate of a medical condition in a particular region?
Your Answer: Number of existing cases in a specified population for a specific point in time
Correct Answer: The rate of occurrence of new cases over a period of time in a defined population
Explanation:Disease frequency can be measured using incidence, which counts the number of new cases of a disease in a specific population during a specified time period. Period prevalence refers to the number of existing cases during a given time period, while point prevalence refers to the number of existing cases at a specific point in time. The total disease burden within a population, of crude rate, is determined by the total number of people with the disease in that population. It is important to note that the number of newly diagnosed cases alone cannot determine the incidence rate, as it lacks a denominator.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 8
Correct
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Which of the following statements is false about individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
Your Answer: Female to male ratio is 3:1
Explanation:While many neuroses are more prevalent in women, OCD only has a slightly higher occurrence in women with a ratio of 1.5 females to every male. Individuals with an anankastic personality may display temporary obsessional symptoms, but they are not more susceptible to OCD than other neurotic disorders. Studies indicate that males with OCD tend to experience symptoms earlier in life, have a greater tendency towards tics, and may have a less favorable prognosis compared to females.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 9
Correct
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What is the one year prevalence of social anxiety disorder according to the US National Comorbidity study for individuals of all ages?
Your Answer: 7.40%
Explanation:The US National Comorbidity study reports a 7.4% prevalence of social phobia within a year. Men have a lifetime prevalence of 4% for specific phobia, while women have a lifetime prevalence of 13%. Obsessive compulsive disorder has a one year prevalence of 2.1%. Men have a one year prevalence of 1.7% for agoraphobia without panic disorder. All diagnoses are based on DSM-IIIR criteria.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 10
Correct
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What are some characteristics of depression in older adults?
Your Answer: More severe
Explanation:The elderly population is at a higher risk of experiencing severe depression and requiring hospitalization. Depression rates in residential homes and medical wards can be as high as 20-30%, and the risk of suicide also increases with age.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 11
Correct
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What is a negative predictor of outcome in schizophrenia?
Your Answer: Severe negative symptoms at onset
Explanation:The only factor that indicates a poor prognosis in schizophrenia is the presence of severe negative symptoms at the onset. On the other hand, good prognostic indicators include acute onset, being married, and female gender. Age of onset and first rank symptoms do not have consistent evidence as prognostic indicators. However, if severe negative symptoms are present at onset, it is likely that the individual will have a poor quality of life and impaired psychosocial functioning at the two-year follow-up.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 12
Correct
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As per the definitions provided by the World Health Organization (WHO), what constitutes an neonatal death?
Your Answer: A live-born infant that dies within 28 days
Explanation:A neonatal death refers to the death of a newborn baby within 28 days of birth. If the death occurs within the first seven days, it is classified as an early neonatal death, while a death that occurs between seven and 28 days is considered a late neonatal death. A stillbirth is the term used to describe the death of a fetus before birth, but after 24 weeks of gestation. Finally, if a live-born infant dies after one month but before reaching one year of age, it is classified as a postnatal death.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 13
Correct
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What is the lifetime prevalence rate of specific phobia in females across their lifespan?
Your Answer: 13%
Explanation:The percentage of women who experience specific phobia at some point in their lives is 13%. The percentage of people who experience obsessive compulsive disorder within a year is 2.1%. The percentage of women who experience agoraphobia without panic disorder within a year is 3.8%. The percentage of men who experience specific phobia at some point in their lives is 4%. The percentage of people in the US National Comorbidity study who experience social phobia within a year is 7.4%. All of these statistics are based on the diagnostic criteria outlined in DSM-III R.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 14
Correct
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What is the most accurate definition for 'mortality within the first month of life'?
Your Answer: Infant mortality
Explanation:The World Health Organization provides specific definitions for various types of mortality in large epidemiological surveys. For instance, early neonatal mortality pertains to death that occurs within seven days after a live birth. Neonatal mortality, on the other hand, refers to death that occurs before 28 completed days following a live birth. Perinatal mortality pertains to fetal deaths that occur after 24 completed weeks of gestation and before seven completed days. Lastly, stillbirth pertains to the delivery of a child from the mother after the 24th week of pregnancy, but the child shows no signs of life upon delivery.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 15
Correct
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What is the increased risk of morbidity and mortality in individuals with ischaemic heart disease who also suffer from depression?
Your Answer: 2
Explanation:Patients with existing ischaemic heart disease who experience depression have a relative risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality that ranges from 1.5 to 2.5.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 16
Correct
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Which of the following is an instance of tertiary intervention?
Your Answer: Rehabilitation
Explanation:The prevention of a disease can be divided into three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Tertiary prevention focuses on minimizing the effects of an existing disease and helping individuals achieve their optimal level of functioning. Primary prevention involves implementing broad changes to decrease the overall risk of a disease in a population, such as promoting healthy nutrition, positive parenting, and smoking cessation. Secondary prevention involves early detection and intervention through screening programs.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 17
Incorrect
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What is the general occurrence of dementia among individuals aged 80 - 85?
Your Answer: 22%
Correct Answer: 13.60%
Explanation:The likelihood of developing dementia significantly rises as a person gets older. In fact, approximately one-third of individuals who are 85 years of older have dementia. The prevalence of dementia doubles every five years, starting from 1.5% for those aged 65-69 and increasing to 45% for those over 95 years old. Alzheimer’s disease accounts for about two-thirds of all cases of dementia. Here is a breakdown of the prevalence of dementia by age group:
– 65-69: 1.5%
– 70-74: 3.5%
– 75-79: 6.8%
– 80-84: 13.6%
– 85-89: 22%
– 90-94: 32%
– Over 95: 45% -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 18
Incorrect
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Which depression assessment tool contains more physiological aspects compared to the others?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Hamilton depression rating scale
Explanation:The Hamilton depression rating scale is focused on biological aspects and is administered by an observer, making it suitable for assessing patients with cognitive impairment. The Beck depression inventory emphasizes cognitive items. The Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale is highly responsive to changes. The visual analogue scale is a straightforward tool where patients indicate their mood state on a line. The Zung self rating scale is a self-administered assessment.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 19
Incorrect
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In the next decade, where is depression expected to rank among the top causes of global disease burden?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Leading cause
Explanation:The World Health Organization reports that depression has risen from being the third leading cause of disease burden globally in 2004 to the second leading cause in 2013. It is projected to become the primary cause by 2030.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 20
Incorrect
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Which interview method was utilized in the NEMESIS study conducted in the Netherlands to assess mental health and incidence?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI)
Explanation:Several structured interviews have been used in various studies to assess mental disorders. The Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R) was used in the ONS 2000 psychiatric morbidity survey, while the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) was used in the Epidemiological Catchment Area study. The Psychosis Screening Questionnaire (PSQ) was used in the ONS 2000 psychiatric morbidity survey, and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) was used in the European Study of Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD). Additionally, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) is a structured interview used by the World Health Organization (WHO) to assess mental disorders according to ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria. The NEMESIS study in the Netherlands used CIDI to determine the prevalence of mental disorders in adults aged 18-64 years. The study began in 1996 and involved 7076 participants.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 21
Incorrect
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What is the accurate statement regarding the epidemiology of depression?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: The 12 month prevalence of major depression in the community is between 2% and 5%
Explanation:Depression rates are elevated among those who are unemployed of divorced. Additionally, the prevalence of major depression is twice as high in women compared to men, although the reasons for this disparity are not fully understood. The mean age of onset for major depression is 27 years, and lifetime rates are estimated to be between 10% and 20%.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 22
Incorrect
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Based on the ECA study, what factors are associated with an increased probability of receiving psychiatric treatment?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: City residence
Explanation:Factors Predicting Likelihood of Receiving Psychiatric Treatment
Several factors have been identified as predictors of a higher likelihood of receiving psychiatric treatment. These include living in a city, being divorced or separated, having access to geographically accessible services, belonging to a higher social class, being male, and being a young adult. Interestingly, despite the fact that many psychiatric disorders are more prevalent in lower social classes, individuals from higher social classes are more likely to receive psychiatric treatment. On the other hand, factors such as living in rural areas, being married, lacking access to services, belonging to a lower social class, being female, and being an older adult are associated with a lower likelihood of receiving psychiatric treatment.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 23
Incorrect
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Which of the following is an instance of secondary prevention?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Screening programme
Explanation:Prevention levels for a disease can be classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention, with primary prevention focusing on implementing broad changes to decrease the overall risk of a disease in a population. On the other hand, a screening program is an example of secondary prevention, which aims to detect and intervene early in the development of a disease.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 24
Incorrect
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What is the definition of point prevalence for a medical condition?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Number of existing cases in a specified population during a given time period
Explanation:The prevalence of a disease during a specific time period is the proportion of the population affected. Point prevalence refers to the number of current cases at a specific point in time, while lifetime prevalence refers to the proportion of the population that has ever had the disease. Incidence refers to the rate of new cases over a period of time in a specific population. The total disease burden in a population is represented by the crude rate of people with the disease.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 25
Incorrect
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What is the likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) in an individual with one copy of the apoE4 allele compared to those without any copies of the allele?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Three times higher (odds ratio = 3)
Explanation:First degree relatives of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have a threefold higher risk of developing the disease compared to non-relatives. The most significant genetic risk factor for AD is the apolipoprotein E (apo E) gene, located on chromosome 19q, which has three codominant alleles: e2, e3, and e4. The e4 allele, which is overrepresented, and the e2 allele, which is underrepresented, are associated with AD. In Caucasians, individuals who are homozygous for e4 have 14.9 times greater odds of developing AD, while those who are heterozygous for e3/e4 have 3.2 times greater odds compared to those who are homozygous for e3. Additionally, e4 homozygotes tend to develop AD at an earlier age, by approximately two decades.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 26
Incorrect
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You are requested to conduct a liaison psychiatry evaluation on a 78-year-old woman admitted to a medical ward with a COPD flare-up and suspected depression.
What are some characteristics of depression in the elderly?Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Hypochondriacal symptoms may be more frequently reported than sadness of low mood
Explanation:There is a lower likelihood of elderly patients reporting feelings of sadness compared to younger patients with depression, and they may instead present with physical complaints. Depression rates in the elderly are often linked to physical health issues rather than just aging. There is no evidence to suggest that elderly depressed patients have a higher risk of developing dementia. The prognosis for depression in the elderly is similar to that of younger patients, and venlafaxine is safe to use in this population.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 27
Incorrect
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What is the most common method of suicide in the United Kingdom?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Hanging
Explanation:In the UK, hanging is the prevalent method of completed suicide, with 55% of male suicides and 36% of female suicides being attributed to it. The strict laws in the UK regarding firearm ownership have limited their involvement in suicide, accounting for only 3.5% of male suicides and 0.6% of female suicides. In contrast, the US has a higher percentage of completed suicides involving firearms, with 60.6% of male suicides and 35.7% of female suicides being attributed to them.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 28
Incorrect
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What was the interview method utilized in the epidemiological catchment area study?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Diagnostic interview schedule (DIS)
Explanation:The epidemiological catchment area (ECA) study conducted in the USA during the 1980s was a significant study that utilized the diagnostic interview schedule (DIS) to interview individuals across five sites. This study provided valuable information about the prevalence of mental disorders in the USA.
The ONS 2000 psychiatric morbidity survey utilized the clinical interview schedule-revised (CIS-R), which can be administered by lay interviewers. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) is another structured interview used by the World Health Organization (WHO) to assess individuals according to ICD-10 and DSM IV. The Psychosis Screening Questionnaire (PSQ) was also used in the ONS 2000 psychiatric morbidity survey.
The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) was used in the European Study of Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD). These various diagnostic tools and surveys provide valuable information about the prevalence and diagnosis of mental disorders. For further reading, resources such as the Harvard Medical School and National Institute of Mental Health provide additional information on these diagnostic tools and their uses.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 29
Incorrect
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What factors contribute to the rise in the incidence of a medical condition?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Immigration of cases into a population
Explanation:The duration of an illness is determined by multiplying its incidence by its prevalence. If a curative treatment for the disease is discovered, the duration of the illness will decrease. The remaining answer choices will lower the incidence of the illness.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 30
Incorrect
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How does depression in an otherwise fit individual impact the autonomous risk factor for the onset of coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Doubles the risk of CHD
Explanation:Depression has been found to be strongly associated with cardiovascular disease, even after controlling for other risk factors such as smoking. Studies have demonstrated that depression is an independent predictor of both fatal and non-fatal ischaemic heart disease.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 31
Incorrect
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What is the incidence of metabolic syndrome among individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, as reported by the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) study?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: 41-43%
Explanation:The CATIE trial conducted in the USA in 2005 revealed that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia was between 40.9-42.7%. The study also found that the prevalence was higher in females, ranging from 51.6-54.2%, compared to males, which ranged from 36.0-36.6%. Therefore, if the question had specified the gender of the patients, the correct answer would have been either 36-37% for males of 52-54% for females.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 32
Incorrect
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What is the accurate statement regarding the epidemiology of bipolar disorder, considering age and language modifications and maintaining paragraph spacing?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: The mean age of onset is 17 years in community studies
Explanation:The disorder is often chronic, as the six month prevalence is only slightly lower than the lifetime prevalence. Additionally, bipolar disorder frequently co-occurs with other conditions such as substance misuse and anxiety disorders. Prevalence rates can be determined using structured diagnostic interviews like the diagnostic interview schedule (DIS), and the disorder affects both men and women equally with a lifetime risk ranging from 0.3% to 1.5%. Onset typically occurs around age 17 in community studies.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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Question 33
Incorrect
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Which disorder is more frequently identified in individuals from higher socioeconomic backgrounds?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Bipolar affective disorder
Explanation:Individuals from higher social classes are more likely to be diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder and eating disorders, while those from lower social classes are more commonly diagnosed with alcohol dependence, depression, schizophrenia, and substance misuse disorders.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Epidemiology
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SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY
