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Question 1
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To avoid potential haemolysis, Anti D immunoglobulin should be administered to which of the following?
Your Answer: Rhesus negative mother, non-sensitised, fetal cord blood Rh positive
Explanation:The Rhesus status of a mother is important in pregnancy and even abortion. The exposure of an Rh-negative mother exposed to Rh antigens from a positive foetus, will influence the development of anti-Rh antibodies. This may cause problems in subsequent pregnancies leading to haemolysis in the newborn. Rh Anti RhD- globulin is therefore given to non-sensitised Rh-negative mothers who give birth to Rh-positive children to prevent the formation of anti-Rh antibodies. Anti RhD globulin is not useful for already sensitized, or RhD positive mothers; its administration could result in maternal blood being bound and taken out of circulation.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
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Question 2
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Question 3
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Question 4
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Which immunoglobulin is the first to be synthesised by the neonate?
Your Answer: IgA
Correct Answer: IgM
Explanation:Fetal production of immunoglobulin begins early on at about 10 weeks gestation with the production of IgM antibodies. Maternal IgG, which is a key component of fetal immunity is passed on to the foetus through the placenta from 12 weeks of gestation. Secretory IgA is not produced until after birth, through breast milk.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
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Question 5
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Fetal immunoglobulin production begins at what gestation?
Your Answer: Week 10
Explanation:Fetal production of immunoglobulin begins early on, at about 10 weeks gestation with the production of IgM antibodies. Maternal IgG, which is a key component of fetal immunity, is passed on to the foetus through the placenta from 12 weeks of gestation. Secretory IgA is not produced until after birth.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
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Question 6
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Question 7
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Which of the following cell types act as professional antigen presenter cells (APCs)
Your Answer: Macrophages
Explanation:Macrophages are the antigen presenting cells, they phagocytose the pathogen and after breaking them down present their protein structure to the B and T cells for a specific immune reaction to take place.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
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Question 8
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You see a patient in antenatal clinic who is concerned that she has never had chicken pox and may catch it during pregnancy. You check her Varicella status and she is non-immune. She asks you about vaccination. What type of vaccine is the varicella vaccine?
Your Answer: Polysaccharide
Correct Answer: Attenuated
Explanation:Varicella is a live vaccine. The recent RCOG green top guidelines suggest vaccine can be considered postpartum or pre pregnancy but NOT whilst pregnant. In the non-immune pregnant woman they should be advised to avoid contact with people with chickenpox or shingles and to contact a healthcare professional promptly if exposed. If they have a significant exposure VZIG should be offered as soon as possible.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
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Question 9
Incorrect
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Haemolytic Disease of the New-born falls into what type of hypersensitivity reaction?
Your Answer: Type III
Correct Answer: Type II
Explanation:It is classified under type II hypersensitivity reaction. Antibodies are formed against the rhesus antigen i.e. D antigen. Hence when the Antibody reacts with the antigen on the RBC it results in activation of the complement cascade leading to lysis.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
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Question 10
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Macrophages are derived from what type of white blood cell?
Your Answer: Monocytes
Explanation:Macrophages are derived from monocytes. When monocytes come across a pathogen they differentiate into macrophages for phagocytosis to occur.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
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Question 11
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Which of the following will require Anti-D administration post partum?
Your Answer: Rhesus negative mother, non-sensitised, fetal cord blood Rh positive
Explanation:Rhesus positive mothers should not get anti-D. They have Rhesus antigens and the anti-D would result in maternal blood being bound and removed from her circulation. The danger is to children born to mothers who are rhesus negative. As the mother may develop antibodies against Rhesus positive fetal blood. Therefore if the baby is Rhesus negative then there is no risk of alloimmunisation (sensitisation)
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
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Question 12
Incorrect
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Which Immunoglobulin (or antibody) is secreted in large amounts in breast milk?
Your Answer: IgE
Correct Answer: IgA
Explanation:When considering immunoglobulins in neonates. There are only a few key points you are likely to be tested on. 1. IgA is resistant to stomach acid and found in large amounts in breast milk. 2. IgG is the only Ig that can cross the placenta so is key for passive neonatal immunity 3. When the neonate starts synthesising its own Ig it is IgM that is produced first.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
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Question 13
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Question 14
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Question 15
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Which Immunoglobulin (or antibody) is secreted in large amounts in breast milk?
Your Answer: IgA
Explanation:The major constituents of breast milk are lactose, protein, fat and water. However, the composition of breast milk is not constant; early lactation differs from late lactation, one feed differs from the next, and the composition can even change
during a feed. Artificial infant formulas cannot therefore be identical to breast milk. In addition to IgA, breast milk contains small amounts of IgM and IgG and other factors such as lactoferrin, macrophages, complement and lysozymes -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
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Question 16
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Question 17
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Which immunoglobulin provides passive immunity to the neonate?
Your Answer: IgG
Explanation:Passive immunity to the neonate is provided by immunoglobulin G (IgG) since it can be transferred through the placenta from mother to the foetus.
IgA is transferred from mothers to offspring through breast milk.
IgM molecular structure is too big to be filtered through the placental vasculature to the foetus. IgM is the first Ig to be synthesised by the neonate -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
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Question 18
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